• Christopher C Giza and David A Hovda.
• *Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital-UCLA, Los Angeles, California; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; §Interdepartmental Programs for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California; ¶Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
• Neurosurgery. 2014 Oct 1; 75 Suppl 4: S24-33.

AbstractSince the original descriptions of postconcussive pathophysiology, there has been a significant increase in interest and ongoing research to study the biological underpinnings of concussion. The initial ionic flux and glutamate release result in significant energy demands and a period of metabolic crisis for the injured brain. These physiological perturbations can now be linked to clinical characteristics of concussion, including migrainous symptoms, vulnerability to repeat injury, and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, advanced neuroimaging now allows a research window to monitor postconcussion pathophysiology in humans noninvasively. There is also increasing concern about the risk for chronic or even progressive neurobehavioral impairment after concussion/mild traumatic brain injury. Critical studies are underway to better link the acute pathobiology of concussion with potential mechanisms of chronic cell death, dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. This "new and improved" article summarizes in a translational fashion and updates what is known about the acute neurometabolic changes after concussive brain injury. Furthermore, new connections are proposed between this neurobiology and early clinical symptoms as well as to cellular processes that may underlie long-term impairment.

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