• Francesco De Pretis, Jürgen Landes, and William Peden.
• Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
• J Eval Clin Pract. 2021 Jun 1; 27 (3): 504-512.

Rationale, Aims And ObjectivesThe diversity of types of evidence (eg, case reports, animal studies and observational studies) makes the assessment of a drug's safety profile into a formidable challenge. While frequentist uncertain inference struggles in aggregating these signals, the more flexible Bayesian approaches seem better suited for this quest. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers great promise to these approaches for information retrieval, decision support, and learning probabilities from data.MethodsE-Synthesis is a Bayesian framework for drug safety assessments built on philosophical principles and considerations. It aims to aggregate all the available information, in order to provide a Bayesian probability of a drug causing an adverse reaction. AI systems are being developed for evidence aggregation in medicine, which increasingly are automated.ResultsWe find that AI can help E-Synthesis with information retrieval, usability (graphical decision-making aids), learning Bayes factors from historical data, assessing quality of information and determining conditional probabilities for the so-called 'indicators' of causation for E-Synthesis. Vice versa, E-Synthesis offers a solid methodological basis for (semi-)automated evidence aggregation with AI systems.ConclusionsProperly applied, AI can help the transition of philosophical principles and considerations concerning evidence aggregation for drug safety to a tool that can be used in practice.© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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