• K Ihringer, N Russ, A Walther, and J-H Schiff.
• Klinik für Anästhesiologie u. operative Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Stuttgart, Katharinenhospital, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Deutschland.
• Anaesthesist. 2013 May 1;62(5):407-19.

AbstractThe most common chromosomal abnormality is trisomy 21 which is also known as Down syndrome and occurs in approximately 1 in 800 births. The majority of the resulting disabling conditions cannot be cured and affect people of all ages, ethnicity and economic levels. Life expectancy has increased with advances in medical care in the same way as in the rest of the population. One of the major tasks for health care professionals is to help these differently abled children and their families function in the most effective way possible as they learn to accept the limitations imposed by a persistent disability. Signs and symptoms of trisomy 21 are very variable based on the trias of mental retardation to a variable degree, hand anomalies and cardiac complications. Other abnormalities are atlantoaxial instability (AAI), tracheal stenosis, a predisposition to respiratory complications, chronic hypothyroidism, microgenia and macroglossia. These conditions are relevant to anesthetic procedures and patients with Down syndrome and their families have specific expectations and attitudes towards medical and anesthetic treatment.

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