• John D Cleveland, Michael E Bowdish, Wendy J Mack, Richard W Kim, S Ram Kumar, Kristopher Kallin, Cynthia S Herrington, Winfield J Wells, and Vaughn A Starnes.
• Division of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif. Electronic address: jcleveland@chla.usc.edu.
• J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2022 Jan 1; 163 (1): 251-260.

ObjectiveMost of all congenital cardiac surgical programs participate in public outcomes reporting. The primary end point is transparency. In this era, academic programs with surgical residents face the challenge of producing outstanding results while allowing residents to learn by doing. We sought to understand the effect of education on our surgical outcomes.MethodsWe collected data for all American Board of Thoracic Surgery index cases done at our institution over a 10-year period. We identified 3406 cases and categorized them into 2 groups according to primary surgeon: attending (2269) versus resident (1137). In a multivariable logistic regression model we examined the effect of operating surgeon on in-hospital mortality, major morbidity, and length of stay. We used propensity score matching subsequently to balance differences between cohorts, and multivariable logistic regression was repeated.ResultsUsing the entire cohort, multivariable logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, weight, lack of preoperative comorbidity, presence of preoperative respiratory failure, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons--European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery category, and need for deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, showed a higher odds of survival in the resident cohort (odds ratio, 1.484; 95% confidence interval, 0.998-2.206; P = .05). Propensity score matching identified 1137 pairs of attending and resident cases with well-balanced preoperative variables. Logistic regression modeling using the matched cohort showed equivalent 30-day mortality, 30-day major morbidity, and length of stay.ConclusionsThere was no difference in mortality, major morbidity, or length of stay when similar cases were compared that were operated on by attendings versus those by a resident. Effectively educating congenital heart surgeons without compromising an operation's quality requires thoughtful approach, including case selection and graded responsibility.Copyright © 2021 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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