• Elske Sieswerda, de Boer Mark G J MGJ Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands., Bonten Marc M J MMJ Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands., Wim G Boersma, René E Jonkers, Roel M Aleva, Bart-Jan Kullberg, Jeroen A Schouten, van de Garde Ewoudt M W EMW Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacolog, Theo J Verheij, Menno M van der Eerden, Jan M Prins, and W Joost Wiersinga.
• Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: e.sieswerda@amsterdamumc.nl.
• Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2021 Jan 1; 27 (1): 61-66.

ScopeThe Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy constituted a multidisciplinary expert committee to provide evidence-based recommendation for the use of antibacterial therapy in hospitalized adults with a respiratory infection and suspected or proven 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19).MethodsWe performed a literature search to answer four key questions. The committee graded the evidence and developed recommendations by using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology.Questions Addressed By The Guideline And RecommendationsWe assessed evidence on the risk of bacterial infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the associated bacterial pathogens, how to diagnose bacterial infections and how to treat bacterial infections. Bacterial co-infection upon admission was reported in 3.5% of COVID-19 patients, while bacterial secondary infections during hospitalization occurred up to 15%. No or very low quality evidence was found to answer the other key clinical questions. Although the evidence base on bacterial infections in COVID-19 is currently limited, available evidence supports restrictive antibiotic use from an antibiotic stewardship perspective, especially upon admission. To support restrictive antibiotic use, maximum efforts should be undertaken to obtain sputum and blood culture samples as well as pneumococcal urinary antigen testing. We suggest to stop antibiotics in patients who started antibiotic treatment upon admission when representative cultures as well as urinary antigen tests show no signs of involvement of bacterial pathogens after 48 hours. For patients with secondary bacterial respiratory infection we recommend to follow other guideline recommendations on antibacterial treatment for patients with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. An antibiotic treatment duration of five days in patients with COVID-19 and suspected bacterial respiratory infection is recommended upon improvement of signs, symptoms and inflammatory markers. Larger, prospective studies about the epidemiology of bacterial infections in COVID-19 are urgently needed to confirm our conclusions and ultimately prevent unnecessary antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic.Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

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