• W J van den Brink, T Hankemeier, P H van der Graaf, and de Lange E C M ECM a Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands..
• a Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands.
• Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2018 Jun 1; 13 (6): 539-550.

IntroductionDiseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS) affect millions of people worldwide, with the number of people affected quickly growing. Unfortunately, the successful development of CNS-acting drugs is less than 10%, and this is attributed to the complexity of the CNS, unexpected side effects, difficulties in penetrating the blood-brain barrier and lack of biomarkers. Areas covered: Herein, the authors first review how pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models are designed to predict the dose-dependent time course of effect, and how they are used to translate drug effects from animal to man. Then, the authors discuss how pharmacometabolomics gives insight into system-wide pharmacological effects and why it is a promising method to study interspecies differences. Finally, the authors advocate the application of PK/PD-metabolomics modeling to advance translational CNS drug development by discussing its opportunities and challenges. Expert opinion: It is envisioned that PK/PD-metabolomics will increase our understanding of CNS drug effects and improve translational CNS drug development, thereby increasing success rates. The successful future development of this concept will require multi-level and longitudinal biomarker evaluation over a large dose range, multi-tissue biomarker evaluation, and the generation of a proof of principle by application to multiple CNS drugs in multiple species.

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