• Amir H Sadeghi, Sulayman El Mathari, Djamila Abjigitova, MaatAlexander P W MAPWMDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands., Yannick J H J Taverne, BogersAd J J CAJJCDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands., and MahtabEdris A FEAFDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands..
• Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: h.sadeghi@erasmusmc.nl.
• Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2020 Dec 19.

BackgroundThis review aims to examine the existing literature to address currently used virtual, augmented, and mixed reality modalities in the areas of preoperative surgical planning, intraoperative guidance, and postoperative management in the field of cardiothoracic surgery. In addition this innovative technology provides future perspectives and potential benefits for cardiothoracic surgeons, trainees, and patients.MethodsA targeted, nonsystematic literature assessment was performed within the Medline and Google Scholar databases to help identify current trends and to provide better understanding of the current state-of-the-art extended reality (XR) modalities in cardiothoracic surgery. Related articles published up to July 2020 were included in the review.ResultsXR is a novel technique gaining increasing application in cardiothoracic surgery. It provides a 3-dimensional and realistic view of structures and environments and offers the user the ability to interact with digital projections of surgical targets. Recent studies showed the validity and benefits of XR applications in cardiothoracic surgery. Examples include XR-guided preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance and navigation, postoperative pain and rehabilitation management, surgical simulation, and patient education.ConclusionsXR is gaining interest in the field of cardiothoracic surgery. In particular there are promising roles for XR applications in televirtuality, surgical planning, surgical simulation, and perioperative management. However future refinement and research are needed to further implement XR in the aforementioned settings within cardiothoracic surgery.Copyright © 2020 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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