• D Scott Kreiner, Paul Matz, Christopher M Bono, Charles H Cho, John E Easa, Gary Ghiselli, Zoher Ghogawala, Charles A Reitman, Daniel K Resnick, William C Watters, Thiru M Annaswamy, Jamie Baisden, Walter S Bartynski, Shay Bess, Randall P Brewer, R Carter Cassidy, David S Cheng, Sean D Christie, Norman B Chutkan, Bernard Allan Cohen, Simon Dagenais, Dennis E Enix, Paul Dougherty, S Raymond Golish, Padma Gulur, Steven W Hwang, Cumhur Kilincer, Jeffrey A King, Adam C Lipson, Anthony J Lisi, Richard J Meagher, John E O'Toole, Paul Park, Murat Pekmezci, Daniel R Perry, Ravi Prasad, David A Provenzano, Kris E Radcliff, Gazanfar Rahmathulla, Tom E Reinsel, Robert L Rich, Daniel S Robbins, Karie A Rosolowski, Jonathan N Sembrano, Anil K Sharma, Alison A Stout, Christopher K Taleghani, Ryan A Tauzell, Terry Trammell, Yakov Vorobeychik, and Amy M Yahiro.
• Barrow Neurological Institute, 4530 E. Muirwood Dr. Ste. 110, Phoenix, AZ 85048-7693, USA. Electronic address: scott.kreiner@barrowbrainandspine.com.
• Spine J. 2020 Jul 1; 20 (7): 998-1024.

Background ContextThe North American Spine Society's (NASS) Evidence Based Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain features evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing and treating adult patients with nonspecific low back pain. The guideline is intended to reflect contemporary treatment concepts for nonspecific low back pain as reflected in the highest quality clinical literature available on this subject as of February 2016.PurposeThe purpose of the guideline is to provide an evidence-based educational tool to assist spine specialists when making clinical decisions for adult patients with nonspecific low back pain. This article provides a brief summary of the evidence-based guideline recommendations for diagnosing and treating patients with this condition.Study DesignThis is a guideline summary review.MethodsThis guideline is the product of the Low Back Pain Work Group of NASS' Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline Development Committee. The methods used to develop this guideline are detailed in the complete guideline and technical report available on the NASS website. In brief, a multidisciplinary work group of spine care specialists convened to identify clinical questions to address in the guideline. The literature search strategy was developed in consultation with medical librarians. Upon completion of the systematic literature search, evidence relevant to the clinical questions posed in the guideline was reviewed. Work group members utilized NASS evidentiary table templates to summarize study conclusions, identify study strengths and weaknesses, and assign levels of evidence. Work group members participated in webcasts and in-person recommendation meetings to update and formulate evidence-based recommendations and incorporate expert opinion when necessary. The draft guideline was submitted to an internal and external peer review process and ultimately approved by the NASS Board of Directors.ResultsEighty-two clinical questions were addressed, and the answers are summarized in this article. The respective recommendations were graded according to the levels of evidence of the supporting literature.ConclusionsThe evidence-based clinical guideline has been created using techniques of evidence-based medicine and best available evidence to aid practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with nonspecific low back pain. The entire guideline document, including the evidentiary tables, literature search parameters, literature attrition flowchart, suggestions for future research, and all of the references, is available electronically on the NASS website at https://www.spine.org/ResearchClinicalCare/QualityImprovement/ClinicalGuidelines.aspx.Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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