• Max Knaapen, Nigel J Hall, Darcy Moulin, Johanna H van der Lee, Nancy J Butcher, Peter C Minneci, Jan F Svensson, Shawn D St Peter, Susan Adams, Shireen A Nah, Erik D Skarsgard, Augusto Zani, Sherif Emil, Janne S Suominen, Dayang A Aziz, Rambha Rai, Martin Offringa, Ernst W van Heurn, Roel Bakx, Ramon R Gorter, and pediatric appendicitis COS development group.
• Department of Pediatric Surgery, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam & Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• Ann. Surg. 2022 Dec 1; 276 (6): 104710551047-1055.

ObjectiveTo develop an international core outcome set (COS), a minimal collection of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all future clinical trials evaluating treatments of acute simple appendicitis in children.Summary Of Background DataA previous systematic review identified 115 outcomes in 60 trials and systematic reviews evaluating treatments for children with appendicitis, suggesting the need for a COS.MethodsThe development process consisted of 4 phases: (1) an updated systematic review identifying all previously reported outcomes, (2) a 2-stage international Delphi study in which parents with their children and surgeons rated these outcomes for inclusion in the COS, (3) focus groups with young people to identify missing outcomes, and (4) international expert meetings to ratify the final COS.ResultsThe systematic review identified 129 outcomes which were mapped to 43 unique outcome terms for the Delphi survey. The first-round included 137 parents (8 countries) and 245 surgeons (10 countries), the second-round response rates were 61% and 85% respectively, with 10 outcomes emerging with consensus. After 2 young peoples' focus groups, 2 additional outcomes were added to the final COS (12): mortality, bowel obstruction, intraabdominal abscess, recurrent appendicitis, complicated appendicitis, return to baseline health, readmission, reoperation, unplanned appendectomy, adverse events related to treatment, major and minor complications.ConclusionAn evidence-informed COS based on international consensus, including patients and parents has been developed. This COS is recommended for all future studies evaluating treatment ofsimple appendicitis in children, to reduce heterogeneity between studies and facilitate data synthesis and evidence-based decision-making.Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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