• William B White, Craig A Wilson, George L Bakris, Richard M Bergenstal, Christopher P Cannon, William C Cushman, Simon K Heller, Cyrus R Mehta, Steven E Nissen, Faiez Zannad, Stuart Kupfer, and EXAMINE Investigators.
• From the Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington (W.B.W.); Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Deerfield, IL (C.A.W., S.K.); University of Chicago Medicine, IL (G.L.B.); International Diabetes Center, Park-Nicollet Clinic, Minneapolis, MN (R.M.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.P.C.); Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Tennessee College of Medicine (W.C.C.); University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (S.K.H.); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.R.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH (S.E.N.); and Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France (F.Z.). wwhite@uchc.edu.
• Hypertension. 2016 Sep 1; 68 (3): 606-13.

AbstractActivation of the sympathetic nervous system when there is dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition in the presence of high-dose angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition has led to concerns of potential increases in cardiovascular events when the 2 classes of drugs are coadministered. We evaluated cardiovascular outcomes from the EXAMINE (Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes With Alogliptin versus Standard of Care) trial according to ACE inhibitor use. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a recent acute coronary syndrome were randomly assigned to receive the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor alogliptin or placebo added to existing antihyperglycemic and cardiovascular prophylactic therapies. Risks of adjudicated cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke, and hospitalized heart failure were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model in patients according to ACE inhibitor use and dose. There were 3323 (62%) EXAMINE patients treated with an ACE inhibitor (1681 on alogliptin and 1642 on placebo). The composite rates of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke were comparable for alogliptin and placebo with ACE inhibitor (11.4% versus 11.8%; hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-1.19; P=0.76) and without ACE inhibitor use (11.2% versus 11.9%; hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.73-1.21; P=0.62). Composite rates for cardiovascular death and heart failure in patients on ACE inhibitor occurred in 6.8% of patients on alogliptin versus 7.2% on placebo (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-1.2; P=0.57). There were no differences for these end points nor for blood pressure or heart rate in patients on higher doses of ACE inhibitor. Cardiovascular outcomes were similar for alogliptin and placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary disease treated with ACE inhibitors.© 2016 American Heart Association, Inc.

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