• Rasoul Mirzaei, Rokhsareh Mohammadzadeh, Farzad Mahdavi, Fariba Badrzadeh, Sheida Kazemi, Mehdi Ebrahimi, Fatemeh Soltani, Sima Kazemi, Ali Salimi Jeda, Mohammad Darvishmotevalli, Rasoul Yousefimashouf, Hossein Keyvani, and Sajad Karampoor.
• Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Electronic address: rasul.micro92@gmail.com.
• Int. Immunopharmacol. 2020 Nov 1; 88: 106928.

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. There is a gap in our understanding regarding the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. However, many clinical trials are underway across the world for screening effective drugs against COVID-19. Nevertheless, currently, no proven effective therapies for this virus exists. The vaccines are deemed as a significant part of disease prevention for emerging viral diseases, since, in several cases, other therapeutic choices are limited or non-existent, or that diseases result in such an accelerated clinical worsening that the efficacy of treatments is restricted. Therefore, effective vaccines against COVID-19 are urgently required to overcome the tremendous burden of mortality and morbidity correlated with SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we will describe the latest evidence regarding outstanding vaccine approaches and the challenges for vaccine production.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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