• Dorothy Kim Waller, Michael Shayne Gallaway, Lockwood G Taylor, Tunu A Ramadhani, Mark A Canfield, Angela Scheuerle, Sonia Hernández-Diaz, Carol Louik, Adolfo Correa, and National Birth Defects Prevention Study.
• The University of Texas, Houston Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Kim.Waller@uth.tmc.edu
• Epidemiology. 2010 Mar 1; 21 (2): 232-9.

BackgroundOral contraceptives (OCs) are the most commonly used reversible contraceptive method among US women. Although the majority of previous studies have reported no association between OC use during pregnancy and birth defects, some studies have reported increased occurrence of neural tube defects, limb reduction defects, and urinary tract anomalies.MethodsWe assessed OC use among mothers who participated in the multisite, case-control, National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Mothers of 9986 infants with 32 types of birth defects and 4000 infants without birth defects were included.ResultsMaternal OC use during the first 3 months of pregnancy was associated with an increased odds ratio for 2 of 32 birth defects: hypoplastic left heart syndrome (adjusted odds ratio = 2.3 [95% confidence interval = 1.3-4.3) and gastroschisis (1.8 [1.3-2.7]).ConclusionPrevious reports of associations between OC use and specific types of anomalies were not corroborated. Given that associations were assessed for 32 types of birth defects, our findings of 2 increased associations between OC use and gastroschisis and hypoplastic left heart syndrome should be interpreted as hypotheses until they can be evaluated further. Overall, our findings are consistent with the majority of previous studies that found women who use OCs during early pregnancy have no increased risk for most types of major congenital malformations.

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