• Frédérique Fluchère, Borís Burle, Franck Vidal, Wery van den Wildenberg, Tatiana Witjas, Alexandre Eusebio, Jean-Philippe Azulay, and Thierry Hasbroucq.
• Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Fédération de Recherche Comportement-Cerveau-Cognition, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Aix-Marseille Université, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Timone, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France. Electronic address: frederique.fluchere@ap-hm.fr.
• Neuropsychologia. 2018 Aug 1; 117: 167-177.

BackgroundDeep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) is known to increase response speed and lower response accuracy in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. It has been proposed that this speed-accuracy tradeoff is due to enhanced sensitivity of the motor system to sensory information. An alternative possibility is that this effect is due to weakened suppressive processes. The two alternative interpretations can be tested by analyzing the electromyographic activity (EMG) of the response agonists when the patients perform conflict reaction time tasks. In those tasks, fast subthreshold muscle impulses often occur in the agonist of the incorrect response. These impulses are partial errors that are suppressed before being behaviourally committed.Material And MethodsHere we analyzed the EMG of the response agonists recorded while sixteen PD patients performed a Simon task that elicits prepotent response tendencies so as to decipher (i) whether STN DBS affects the expression and/or suppression of subthreshold muscle impulses that are critical for action control and (ii) the interaction between dopaminergic treatment and STN DBS. The patients were tested On and Off STN DBS and On and Off dopaminergic medication in a full factorial design.ResultsSTN DBS not only impaired the proficiency to suppress subliminal action impulses (p = 0.01) but also favoured the muscular expression of fast incorrect impulses (p < 0.001). Dopaminergic treatment only affected the action impulses suppression (p = 0.02) and did not change the effect of STN DBS on impulsive action control.ConclusionContrary to a recent proposal, STN DBS impaired rather than improved action control by weakening erroneous impulse suppression, whether the patients were On or Off their usual medication. These findings are discussed in light of a recent proposal (Servant M, White C, Montagnini A, Burle B, 2015) that reconciles partial errors with accumulation-to-bound models of decision making. Our results suggest that medication specifically lowers the mechanical threshold while STN DBS lowers the mechanical threshold and to a lesser extent the EMG-threshold.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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