• Wan Fariza Wan Jamaludin, Shahizon Azura Mohamed Mukari, and S Fadilah Abdul Wahid.
• Cell Therapy Centre and Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• Am J Case Rep. 2013 Jan 1; 14: 489-93.

PatientMale, 19 FINAL DIAGNOSIS: Hyperleukocytosis • thrombocytosisSymptomsHyperleukocytosis • retroperitoneal hemorrhage • thrombocytosisMedication- Clinical Procedure: Bone marrow trephine biopsy Specialty: Hematology • Radiology.ObjectiveDiagnostic/therapeutic accidents.BackgroundBone marrow (BM) trephine biopsy is generally a safe procedure, but adverse events such as retroperitoneal hemorrhage (RPH) may occur. We report 3 cases of this complication.Case ReportA 19-year-old male with thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy underwent BM trephine biopsy to confirm relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Two hours later, he developed severe hypotension and a CT scan revealed a massive RPH, and was treated conservatively. The RPH recurred 2 weeks after chemotherapy and was successfully treated with gel foam embolization. A 55-year-old male with coagulopathy underwent BM trephine biopsy for hyperleukocytosis and thrombocytosis. He developed a large RPH preceded by left lumbar dermatome sensory neuropathy. He was treated conservatively. A 56-year-old overweight woman on aspirin underwent BM trephine biopsy for polycythemia. Twelve hours later she developed severe abdominal pain with hypotension. A CT scan showed a massive RPH and secondary hemothorax. She was treated conservatively and the RPH resolved after several months.ConclusionsWe and others showed that myeloproliferative neoplasm, quantitative or qualitative platelet abnormalities, aspirin, coagulopathy, and obesity are associated with development of RPH following BM trephine biopsy. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial. Correction of coagulopathy and cessation of anti-platelet treatment prior to biopsy can prevent this serious complication.

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