• Guenther C Feigl, Boris Krischek, Rainer Ritz, Firas Thaher, Jakob S Marquardt, Bernhard Hirt, Andreas Korn, Martin Schumann, Marcos Tatagiba, and Florian H Ebner.
• Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany. Electronic address: guenther.feigl@web.de.
• World Neurosurg. 2014 Mar 1;81(3-4):609-16.

BackgroundKeeping track of the endoscope tip in 3 planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) while performing skull base surgeries can be difficult because the surgeon is focused most on the live video images of the endoscope. For that reason, it was the aim of this anatomical cadaver study to evaluate the usefulness of a voxel-based neuronavigation system with 3-dimensional (3D) perspective image rendering for endoscopic procedures through keyhole approaches to the skull base.MethodsOn 5 whole-body fixed cadavers, frontolateral and retrosigmoid approaches were performed bilaterally using a neuronavigation system with 3D perspective image rendering (Cbyon, Med-Surgical Services Inc., Sunnyvale, California). Target points defined on the selected target structures were approached with the navigated ∅ 4-mm 0° endoscope (Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany). Using an Endocameleon 4-mm rigid endoscope capable of changing its angle of view while remaining stationary, the surgical field was checked for injuries before and after insertion of the navigated 0° endoscope.ResultsThe median neuronavigation registration error was 0.95 mm (range 0.6 to 1.2 mm). Evaluation showed that 100% of the defined targets were reached and visualized. Neither a target structure nor neurovascular structures or surrounding brain tissue were injured by the navigated 0° endoscope.ConclusionsA neuronavigation system with 3D voxel-based perspective image rendering could potentially improve safety during complex skull base surgeries, and possibly also help to improve surgical results. Such a system, however, cannot replace a neurosurgeon's experience nor surgical skill or anatomical knowledge. It is an excellent teaching tool for young neurosurgeons, but it also has some limitations. Therefore, clinical studies will be necessary to further evaluate the benefits of this type of neuronavigation system in a clinical setting.Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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