• Louisa Degenhardt, Bradley M Mathers, Andrea L Wirtz, Daniel Wolfe, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, M Patrizia Carrieri, Steffanie A Strathdee, Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch, Michel Kazatchkine, and Chris Beyrer.
• National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: L.Degenhardt@unsw.edu.au.
• Int. J. Drug Policy. 2014 Jan 1; 25 (1): 53-60.

ObjectiveIn 2010 the international HIV/AIDS community called on countries to take action to prevent HIV transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID). To set a baseline we proposed an "accountability matrix", focusing upon six countries accounting for half of the global population of PWID: China, Malaysia, Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam and the USA. Two years on, we review progress.DesignWe searched peer-reviewed literature, conducted online searches, and contacted experts for 'grey' literature. We limited searches to documents published since December 2009 and used decision rules endorsed in earlier reviews.ResultsPolicy shifts are increasing coverage of key interventions for PWID in China, Malaysia, Vietnam and Ukraine. Increases in PWID receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) and opioid substitution treatment (OST) in both Vietnam and China, and a shift in Malaysia from a punitive law enforcement approach to evidence-based treatment are promising developments. The USA and Russia have had no advances on PWID access to needle and syringe programmes (NSP), OST or ART. There have also been policy setbacks in these countries, with Russia reaffirming its stance against OST and closing down access to information on methadone, and the USA reinstituting its Congressional ban on Federal funding for NSPs.ConclusionsPrevention of HIV infection and access to HIV treatment for PWID is possible. Whether countries with concentrated epidemics among PWID will meet goals of achieving universal access and eliminating new HIV infections remains unknown. As long as law enforcement responses counter public health responses, health-seeking behaviour and health service delivery will be limited.Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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