• Huei-Kai Huang, Jen-Hung Wang, and Sheng-Lun Kao.
• Department of Family Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
• Fam Pract. 2021 Sep 25; 38 (5): 630-636.

BackgroundHypothyroidism has a detrimental effect on the immune system, which may predispose patients to infection. However, evidence about the risk of developing either community- or hospital-acquired pneumonia in patients with hypothyroidism is scarce.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between hypothyroidism and the risk of developing pneumonia.MethodsThis was a retrospective population-based cohort study from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. After 1:1 propensity score matching, 9749 patients (age ≥20 years) newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism between 2001 and 2014 and 9749 patients without hypothyroidism or other thyroid diseases were included in the hypothyroidism and non-hypothyroidism cohorts, respectively, and followed up until 2015. The development of pneumonia was defined as the primary outcome. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) of developing pneumonia between hypothyroidism and non-hypothyroidism cohorts after adjusting for age, sex and baseline comorbidities. To evaluate whether thyroxine replacement therapy (TRT) modified the risk for pneumonia, we divided patients with hypothyroidism into subgroups: patients who received TRT and those who did not.ResultsHypothyroidism was associated with a higher risk of pneumonia [adjusted HR (aHR) 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-1.49, P < 0.001]. Patients with hypothyroidism who received TRT had a lower risk of pneumonia than patients who did not (aHR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76-0.93, P = 0.001). Similar results were obtained in the age- and sex-stratified analyses.ConclusionsClinically diagnosed hypothyroidism was independently associated with the risk of pneumonia. In patients with hypothyroidism, TRT was associated with a lower risk of pneumonia.© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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