• Nicholas A Turner, Steven C Grambow, Christopher W Woods, Vance G Fowler, Rebekah W Moehring, Deverick J Anderson, and Sarah S Lewis.
• Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
• JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Oct 2; 2 (10): e1914149.

ImportanceClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remains a leading cause of health care facility-associated infection. A greater understanding of the regional epidemiologic profile of CDI could inform targeted prevention strategies.ObjectivesTo assess trends in incidence of health care facility-associated and community-acquired CDI among hospitalized patients over time and to conduct a subanalysis of trends in the NAP1 strain of CDI over time.Design, Setting, And ParticipantsThis long-term multicenter cohort study reviewed records of patients (N = 2 025 678) admitted to a network of 43 regional community hospitals primarily in the southeastern United States from January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2017. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to adjust for potential clustering within facilities and changing test method (nucleic acid amplification testing or toxin enzyme immunoassay) over time.Main Outcomes And MeasuresClostridioides difficile infection incidence rates were counted as cases per 1000 admissions for community-acquired and total CDI cases or cases per 10 000 patient-days for health care facility-associated CDI. Long-term trends in the proportion of cases acquired in the community and in NAP1 strain incidence were also evaluated.ResultsA total of 2 025 678 admissions and 21 254 CDI cases were included (12 678 [59.6%] female; median [interquartile range] age, 69 [55-80] years). Median (interquartile range) total CDI incidence increased slightly from 7.9 (3.5-12.4) cases per 1000 admissions in 2013 to 9.3 (4.9-13.7) cases per 1000 admissions in 2017. After adjustment, the overall incidence of health care facility-associated CDI declined (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.995; 95% CI, 0.990-0.999; P = .03), whereas insufficient evidence was found for either an increase or a decrease in community-acquired CDI (IRR, 1.004; 95% CI, 0.999-1.009; P = .14). The proportion of cases classified as community acquired increased over time from a mean (SD) of 0.49 (0.28) in 2013 to 0.61 (0.26) in 2017 (odds ratio, 1.010 per month; 95% CI, 1.006-1.015; P < .001). Rates of the NAP1 strain of CDI varied widely between facilities, with no statistically significant change in NAP1 strain incidence over time in the community setting (IRR, 1.007; 95% CI, 0.994-1.021) or health care facility setting (IRR, 1.011; 95% CI, 0.990-1.032).Conclusions And RelevanceThe findings suggest that, despite the modest improvement in health care facility-associated CDI rates, a better understanding of community-acquired CDI incidence is needed for future infection prevention efforts.

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