• William C Becker, Kristin M Mattocks, Joseph W Frank, Matthew J Bair, Rebecca L Jankowski, Robert D Kerns, Jacob T Painter, Brenda T Fenton, Amanda M Midboe, and Steve Martino.
• Pain Research, Informatics, Multimorbidities and Education (PRIME) Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, United States; Yale School of Medicine, United States. Electronic address: william.becker@yale.edu.
• Addict Behav. 2018 Nov 1; 86: 138-145.

IntroductionOpioid prescribing and subsequent rates of serious harms have dramatically increased in the past two decades, yet there are still significant barriers to reduction of risky opioid regimens. This formative evaluation utilized a mixed-methods approach to identify barriers and factors that may facilitate the successful implementation of Primary Care-Integrated Pain Support (PIPS), a clinical program designed to support the reduction of risky opioid regimens while increasing the uptake of non-pharmacologic treatment modalities.MethodsEighteen Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) employees across three sites completed a survey consisting of the Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC) scale; a subset of these individuals (n = 9) then completed a semi-structured qualitative phone interview regarding implementing PIPS within the VA. ORIC results were analyzed using descriptive statistics while interview transcripts were coded and sorted according to qualitative themes.ResultsQuantitative analysis based on ORIC indicated high levels of organizational readiness to implement PIPS. Interview analysis revealed several salient themes: system-level barriers such as tension among various pain management providers; patient-level barriers such as perception of support and tension between patient and provider; and facilitating factors of PIPS, such as the importance of the clinical pharmacist role.ConclusionsWhile organizational readiness for implementing PIPS appears high, modifications to our implementation facilitation strategy (e.g., establishing clinical pharmacists as champions; marketing PIPS to leadership as a way to improve VA opioid safety metrics) may improve capacity of the sites to implement PIPS successfully.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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