• Sofia Valanci-Aroesty, Noura Alhassan, Liane S Feldman, Tara Landry, Victoria Mastropietro, Julio Fiore, Lawrence Lee, Gerald M Fried, and Carmen L Mueller.
• Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
• J Surg Educ. 2020 Jul 1; 77 (4): 837-853.

IntroductionDespite recent changes to medical education, surgical training remains largely based on the apprenticeship model. However, after completing training, there are few structured learning opportunities available for surgeons in practice to refine their skills or acquire new skills. Personalized observation with feedback is rarely a feature of traditional continuing medical education learning. Coaching has recently been proposed as a modality to meet these educational gaps; however, data are limited, and few coaching programs presently exist. The purpose of this study is to summarize the characteristics of coaching programs for surgeons in practice including participant satisfaction, program outcomes, and barriers to implementation, in the published literature.MethodsA mixed studies systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines to identify all original studies describing or investigating coaching for practicing surgeons up to 06/2019. Quantitative analysis was used to summarize numerical data, and qualitative analysis using grounded theory methodology for descriptive data was used to summarize the results into themes across studies.ResultsAfter identification of articles, 27 were included in the final synthesis. Twenty-six articles described execution of a coaching program. Programs varied widely with 18/26 focusing on teaching new skills, and the remainder on refinement of skills. Thematic analysis identified 2 major data categories that guided deeper analysis: outcomes of and barriers to coaching. Of the 16 (62%) programs that reported outcomes of coaching, 42% to 100% of participants reported changes in clinical practice directly associated with coaching. Positive satisfaction after completion of a program was reported by 82% to 100% of participants. Reported barriers to participating in a coaching program emerged along 3 main themes: logistical constraints, surgical culture, and perceived lack of need.ConclusionsCoaching for surgeons in practice is highly rated by participants and often results in clinical practice changes, while cultural and logistical issues were identified as barriers to implementation. A better understanding of these factors is required to guide coaching program development and implementation.Copyright © 2020 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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