• R A Haworth, D R Hunter, H A Berkoff, and R L Moss.
• Circ. Res. 1983 Mar 1; 52 (3): 342-51.

AbstractHeart cells from adult rats were induced to beat in suspension by electric field stimulation. We have gained evidence that all the rod-shaped cells in suspension were indeed beating, and that the beat had dynamic characteristics similar to those of intact heart muscle contracting under zero load. The cells were undamaged in the process, as judged by maintenance of ATP levels, morphology, and ability to beat. In gaining such evidence, we also measured the metabolic cost to the cells of beating under zero load. In cells with oxidative phosphorylation inhibited by rotenone plus oligomycin (termed anaerobic), the rate of beat-dependent lactate production suggested an equivalent rate of ATP utilization of 0.126 +/- 0.013 nmol ATP/beat per mg protein (plus isoproterenol), and 0.058 +/- 0.005 nmol ATP/beat per mg protein (minus isoproterenol). In respiring cells, the rate of beat-dependent oligomycin-sensitive oxygen consumption gave an equivalent rate of ATP utilization of 0.198 +/- 0.009 nmol ATP/beat per mg protein (plus isoproterenol), and 0.126 +/- 0.013 nmol ATP/beat per mg protein (minus isoproterenol). The cells beat with the same approximate maximum velocity whether isoproterenol was present or not. We calculate that--in the case of anaerobic cells without isoproterenol--this rate of ATP utilization can account for only about a 15% degree of activation of the contractile proteins. In addition, we have found an oligomycin-insensitive beat-dependent mitochondrial respiration of 0.023 +/- 0.006 nanoatom O/beat per mg. The cause of this respiration is not known. The total rate of oxygen consumption of cells and also the rate per beat was comparable to that measured in nonworking whole hearts.

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