• Hsiang-Ping Wu, Ti Yin, Kao-Hsian Hsieh, Hsiang-Yun Lan, Rung-Chuang Feng, Yue-Cune Chang, and Jen-Jiuan Liaw.
• Lambda Beta-At-Large, Doctoral Student, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C. and Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Chung-Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan, R.O.C.
• J Nurs Scholarsh. 2020 Jan 1; 52 (1): 75-84.

PurposeTo compare the effects of integrating mother's breast milk (BM) with three different combinations of sensory stimuli on preterm infant pain during peripheral venipuncture procedures.DesignA prospective, repeated-measures randomized controlled trial.MethodsPreterm infants (gestational age between 28 and 37 weeks, and in stable condition) needing venipuncture were recruited by convenience sampling (N = 140) and randomly assigned to four treatment conditions: (a) routine care (condition 1); (b) BM odor or taste (condition 2); (c) BM odor or taste + heartbeat sounds (HBs; condition 3), and (d) BM odor or taste + HBs + non-nutritive sucking (NNS; condition 4). Pain scores were assessed based on the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) over nine phases: baseline (phase 0, 5 min without stimuli before venipuncture), disinfecting (phase 1), during venipuncture (phase 2), and a 10-min recovery (phases 3-8).FindingsInfants who received BM odor or taste + HBs + NNS had significantly lower increases in pain scores from baseline compared with controls across phases 1 through 8. Infants treated with either condition 2 or 3 demonstrated significant reductions in mild pain during disinfecting and recovery phases, as compared with the controls. When condition 2 was used as the reference, there were no significant differences in pain scores between the infants receiving condition 3 across the nine phases, suggesting mothers' HBs have only mild analgesic effects on venipuncture pain.ConclusionsIntegration of mother's BM odor or taste, HBs, and tactile NNS should be considered as an intervention for alleviation of procedural pain for preterm infants.Clinical RelevanceClinicians should incorporate the integrated sensory intervention into caregiving support for preterm infants undergoing short painful procedures.© 2019 Sigma Theta Tau International.

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