• Giulia Mormando, Matteo Paganini, Chiara Alexopoulos, Sandro Savino, Nicola Bortoli, Daniele Pomiato, Alessandro Graziano, Paolo Navalesi, and Fabrizio Fabris.
• From the Department of Medicine (DIMED) (G.M., M.P., C.A., S.S., F.F.), University of Padova, Padova; Venice Emergency Medical Service Operations Center (N.B., D.P.), Venezia; and Istituto di Anestesia e Rianimazione-Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova (A.G., P.N.), Padova, Italy.
• Simul Healthc. 2021 Dec 1; 16 (6): e200-e205.

IntroductionChemical-biological-radiological-nuclear-explosive (CBRNe) are complex events. Decontamination is mandatory to avoid harm and contain hazardous materials, but can delay care. Therefore, the stabilization of patients in the warm zone seems reasonable, but research is limited. Moreover, subjects involved in biological events are considered infectious even after decontamination and need to be managed while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), as seen with Ebola and COVID-19 pandemic. With this simulation mannequin trial, we assessed the impact of CBRNe PPE on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and combat casualty care procedures.MethodsWe compared procedures performed by emergency medicine and anesthesiology senior residents, randomized in 2 groups (CBRNe PPE vs. no PPE). Chest compression (CC) depth was defined as the primary outcome. Time to completion was calculated for the following: tourniquet application; tension pneumothorax needle decompression; peripheral venous access (PVA) and intraosseous access positioning; and drug preparation and administration. A questionnaire was delivered to evaluate participants' perception.ResultsThirty-six residents participated. No significant difference between the groups in CC depth (mean difference = 0.26 cm [95% confidence interval = -0.26 to 0.77 cm, P = 0.318]), as well as for CC rate, CC complete release, and time for drugs preparation and administration was detected. The PPE contributed to significantly higher times for tourniquet application, tension pneumothorax decompression, peripheral venous access, and intraosseous access positioning. The residents found simulation relevant to the residencies' core curriculum.ConclusionsThis study suggests that cardiopulmonary resuscitation can be performed while wearing PPE without impacting quality, whereas other tasks requiring higher dexterity can be significantly impaired by PPE.Trial Registration Number: NCT04367454, April 29, 2020 (retrospectively registered).Copyright © 2021 Society for Simulation in Healthcare.

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