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Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am · Feb 2018
ReviewSonographic Guide for Botulinum Toxin Injections of the Neck Muscles in Cervical Dystonia.
- Bayram Kaymak, Murat Kara, Eda Gürçay, and Levent Özçakar.
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
- Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2018 Feb 1; 29 (1): 105-123.
AbstractIntramuscular botulinum toxin (BoTX) injection is the first-line treatment of cervical dystonia. Poor treatment outcomes and some side effects, however, have been reported after BoTX applications. One of the most important reasons is incorrect localization of the needle during toxin injections. Without imaging, it is impossible to verify precise needle positioning in the proper muscle. Ultrasound has been recommended because of its high capability in illustrating most of the neck muscles. This review article discusses how ultrasound imaging can be used to scan/access neck muscles, mainly from the perspective of BoTX injections.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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