• D Pettersson, E Lörinc, T Holm, H Iversen, B Cedermark, B Glimelius, and A Martling.
• Departments of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
• Br J Surg. 2015 Jul 1; 102 (8): 972-8; discussion 978.

BackgroundThe Stockholm III Trial randomized patients with primary operable rectal cancers to either short-course radiotherapy (RT) with immediate surgery (SRT), short-course RT with surgery delayed 4-8 weeks (SRT-delay) or long-course RT with surgery delayed 4-8 weeks. This preplanned interim analysis examined the pathological outcome of delaying surgery.MethodsPatients randomized to the SRT and SRT-delay arms in the Stockholm III Trial between October 1998 and November 2010 were included, and data were collected in a prospective register. Additional data regarding tumour regression grade, according to Dworak, and circumferential margin were obtained by reassessment of histopathological slides.ResultsA total of 462 of 545 randomized patients had specimens available for reassessment. Patients randomized to SRT-delay had earlier ypT categories, and a higher rate of pathological complete responses (11·8 versus 1·7 per cent; P = 0·001) and Dworak grade 4 tumour regression (10·1 versus 1·7 per cent; P < 0·001) than patients randomized to SRT without delay. Positive circumferential resection margins were uncommon (6·3 per cent) and rates did not differ between the two treatment arms.ConclusionShort-course RT induces tumour downstaging if surgery is performed after an interval of 4-8 weeks.© 2015 The Authors. BJS published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of BJS Society Ltd.

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