• Lynne G Maxwell, María V Fraga, and Carrie P Malavolta.
• Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Wood 6021, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: maxwell@email.chop.edu.
• Clin Perinatol. 2019 Dec 1; 46 (4): 693-707.

AbstractPreterm and term neonate pain assessment in neonatal intensive care units is vitally important because of the prevalence of procedural and postoperative pain. Of the 40 plus tools available, a few should be chosen for different populations and contexts (2 have been validated in premature infants). Preterm neonates do not display pain behaviors and physiologic indicators as reliably and specifically as full-term infants, and are vulnerable to long-term sequelae of painful experiences. Brain-oriented approaches may become available in the future; meanwhile, neonatal pain assessment tools must be taught, implemented, and their use optimized for consistent, reproducible, safe, and effective treatment.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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