• Toshihiro Sawai, Yasushi Itoh, Hiroichi Ozaki, Norikazu Isoda, Kiyoko Okamoto, Yoshitaka Kashima, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Yoshihiro Takeuchi, Hiroshi Kida, and Kazumasa Ogasawara.
• Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Japan.
• Immunology. 2008 Jun 1; 124 (2): 155-65.

AbstractWe investigated whether a vaccine derived from an apathogenic reassortant type A H5N1 influenza strain could induce immune responses in vivo that mediated protection from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in mice. After two subcutaneous immunizations with formalin-inactivated H5N1 whole virus particles (whole particle vaccine), significant killing specific for cells presenting a nucleoprotein peptide from the vaccine strain of the virus was observed. Similar vaccination with viruses treated with ether and formalin, which are commonly used for humans as ether-split vaccines, induced little or no cytotoxic T-cell response. Furthermore, whole particle vaccines of the apathogenic H5N1 strain were more effective than ether-split vaccines at inducing antibody production able to neutralize a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain. Finally, whole particle vaccines of H5N1 protected mice against infection by an H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus more effectively than did ether-split vaccines. These results suggest that formalin-inactivated virus particles of apathogenic strains are effective for induction of both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and antibody responses against highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in vivo, resulting in protection from infection by a highly pathogenic H5N1 virus.

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