• Keith E Mandel and Uma R Kotagal.
• Physician-Hospital Organization, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA. keith.mandel@cchmc.org
• Arch Pediat Adol Med. 2007 Jul 1; 161 (7): 650-5.

ObjectiveTo determine whether aligning design characteristics of a pay-for-performance program with objectives of an asthma improvement collaborative builds improvement capability and accelerates improvement.DesignInterrupted time series analysis of the impact of pay for performance on results of an asthma improvement collaborative.SettingForty-four pediatric practices within greater Cincinnati.ParticipantsForty-four pediatric practices with 13 380 children with asthma.InterventionsThe pay-for-performance program rewarded practices for participating in the collaborative, achieving network- and practice-level performance thresholds, and building improvement capability. Pay for performance was coupled with additional improvement interventions related to the collaborative.Outcome MeasuresFlu shot percentage, controller medication percentage for children with persistent asthma, and written self-management plan percentage.ResultsThe pay-for-performance program provided each practice with the potential to earn a 7% fee schedule increase. Three practices earned a 2% increase, 13 earned a 4% increase, 2 earned a 5% increase, 14 earned a 6% increase, and 11 earned a 7% increase. Between October 1, 2003, and November 30, 2006, the percentage of the network asthma population receiving "perfect care" increased from 4% to 88%. The percentage of the network asthma population receiving the influenza vaccine increased from 22% to 41%, and then to 62% during the prior 3 flu seasons.ConclusionLinking design characteristics of a pay-for-performance program to a collaborative focused on improving care for a defined population, building improvement capability, and driving system changes at the provider level resulted in substantive and sustainable improvement.

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