• K V Arom, J D Richardson, G Webb, F L Grover, and J K Trinkle.
• Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1977 Jun 1; 23 (6): 545-9.

AbstractThe technique, indications, and results of subxiphoid pericardial window in penetrating chest wounds with suspected traumatic pericardial tamponade are reported. The classic signs of pericardial tamponade (elevated central venous pressure, muffled heart sounds, and paradoxical pulse) are unreliable in an emergency situation. Chest roentgenograms and electrocardiograms are of little diagnostic value. Pericardicentesis was either falsely positive or negative in 50% of our patients. Therefore, unexplained high central venous pressure and hypotension were considered to be pericardial tamponade until disproved by the results of a subxiphoid pericardial window. There were 4 negative and 46 positive findings of tamponade in 50 consecutive patients with suspected traumatic pericardial tamponade who underwent creation of a subxiphoid pericardial window. There were no deaths or complications from the procedures. The early use of subxiphoid pericardial window has been a major factor in reducing our mortality rate from penetrating heart wounds to 12% overall, and 8% in the past three years.

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