• Eric J Hawkins, Carol A Malte, Zac E Imel, Andrew J Saxon, and Daniel R Kivlahan.
• Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States. Eric.Hawkins@va.gov
• Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012 Jul 1; 124 (1-2): 154-61.

BackgroundAlthough the Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense (VA/DoD) clinical guidelines for management of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) recommend against routine benzodiazepine use, little is known about the trends and clinical and prescription profiles of benzodiazepine use since these guidelines were released in 2004.MethodsThis retrospective study included 64,872 patients with a PTSD diagnosis received from care at facilities in VA Northwest Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN 20) during 2003-2010. Annual prevalence of any use was defined as any prescription for benzodiazepines, and long-term use was defined as >90 days' supply, in a year. Gender-specific logistic regressions were fit to estimate any and long-term benzodiazepine use, test for linear trends over 8-years and explore factors associated with trends.ResultsThe trend of age-adjusted benzodiazepine use over 8-years rose significantly from 25.0 to 26.8% among men and 31.2 to 38.8% among women. Long-term use in men and women increased from 15.4 to 16.4% and 18.0 to 22.7%, respectively. Comorbid psychiatric and alcohol use disorders (AUD) were associated with a greater increase in long-term use of benzodiazepines. In 2010, 61% of benzodiazepine users received >90 days' supply. Among those prescribed benzodiazepines long-term, 11% had AUD and 47% were also prescribed opioids long-term.ConclusionDespite VA/DoD clinical guidelines recommending against routine use of benzodiazepines for PTSD, the adjusted prevalence of long-term use increased among men and women with PTSD in VISN 20. Widespread concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids suggests risk management systems and research on the efficacy and safety of these medications are needed.Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

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