• E M Gabriel and B S Nashold.
• Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
• Neurosurgery. 1998 Mar 1; 42 (3): 575-90; discussion 590-1.

AbstractSurgical therapy of involuntary movement disorders has evolved during the past century from gross destructive ablations of the central nervous system to refined, accurate, discrete lesioning of sites deep within the brain. The understanding of neuroanatomic and physiological systems improved tremendously through experimentation in animals and empirical observations of surgery in humans. A continuum of accumulated knowledge has been achieved through ablation or lesioning of virtually all aspects of the central and peripheral nervous system predicated on previous successes or failures. This compilation of surgical history of involuntary movement disorders has provided present neurosurgeons with the foundations on which they base their therapeutic measures and will direct future endeavors within this field.

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