• Kristin N Partain, Adarsh Patel, Curtis Travers, Courtney E McCracken, Jonathan Loewen, Kiery Braithwaite, Kurt F Heiss, and Mehul V Raval.
• Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
• J. Pediatr. Surg. 2016 Oct 1; 51 (10): 1655-60.

IntroductionUltrasound (US) is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating appendicitis. Our purpose was to determine if including secondary signs (SS) improve diagnostic accuracy in equivocal US studies.MethodsRetrospective review identified 825 children presenting with concern for appendicitis and with a right lower quadrant (RLQ) US. Regression models identified which SS were associated with appendicitis. Test characteristics were demonstrated.Results530 patients (64%) had equivocal US reports. Of 114 (22%) patients with equivocal US undergoing CT, those with SS were more likely to have appendicitis (48.6% vs 14.6%, p<0.001). Of 172 (32%) patients with equivocal US admitted for observation, those with SS were more likely to have appendicitis (61.0% vs 33.6%, p<0.001). SS associated with appendicitis included fluid collection (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 13.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1-82.8), hyperemia (OR=2.0, 95%CI 1.5-95.5), free fluid (OR=9.8, 95%CI 3.8-25.4), and appendicolith (OR=7.9, 95%CI 1.7-37.2). Wall thickness, bowel peristalsis, and echogenic fat were not associated with appendicitis. Equivocal US that included hyperemia, a fluid collection, or an appendicolith had 96% specificity and 88% accuracy.ConclusionUse of SS in RLQ US assists in the diagnostic accuracy of appendicitis. SS may guide clinicians and reduce unnecessary CT and admissions.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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