• Gowri Anandarajah, Janet Roseman, Leela G Mennillo, and Brendan Kelley.
• Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University (G.A.,B.K.), Providence, Rhode Island; Hope Hospice and Palliative Care Rhode Island (G.A.), Providence, Rhode Island. Electronic address: gowri_anandarajah@brown.edu.
• J Pain Symptom Manage. 2021 Dec 1; 62 (6): 1216-1228.

ContextSpiritual care (SC) is central to palliative care. However, a mismatch between patients' desire for SC and physicians' SC provision remains. The shortage of specialty-trained palliative physicians, necessitates that all physicians provide primary palliative care, including SC. Although several quantitative studies explore physicians' barriers to SC, few qualitative studies and no longitudinal studies exist.ObjectiveTo gain in-depth understanding of factors influencing physicians' ability to provide SC over time.MethodsA 20-year longitudinal, individual interview study. In study year-1, we interviewed all residents in a USA primary care residency (full study-group) regarding SC beliefs, experiences and skills. The longitudinal study-group (PGY1 subgroup) was interviewed again in study-years 3, 11, and 20. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Four researchers analyzed transcripts using a grounded theory approach. IRB approval was obtained.ResultsWe analyzed 66 interviews from 34 physicians. Physicians had diverse personal spiritual beliefs. Seven themes emerged from both groups (response rate 89%): patients' needs; practice setting; beliefs regarding physician's role; personal spiritual beliefs; SC training; life experiences (professional, personal); self-care and reflection. Longitudinal interviews revealed thematic evolution and interactions over 20-years: patients' needs and physicians' belief in whole-person care remained primary motivators; cross-cultural SC communication training diminished impact of personal spiritual beliefs and worries; life experiences enhanced SC skills; work environment helped or hindered SC provision; and spiritual self-care/reflection fostered patient-centered, compassionate SC.ConclusionFacilitating SC provision by nonpalliative care specialists is complex and may require both individual and systems level interventions fostering motivation, SC skill development, and supportive work environments.Copyright © 2021 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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