• Jordan P Bloom, Elbert Heng, Hugh G Auchincloss, Serguei I Melnitchouk, David A D'Alessandro, Mauricio A Villavicencio, Thoralf M Sundt, and George Tolis.
• Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
• Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2019 Jul 1; 108 (1): 262-267.

BackgroundWe have previously demonstrated that cardiac surgery trainees can safely perform operations "skin-to-skin" with adequate attending surgeon supervision.MethodsWe used 100 consecutive cases (82 coronary artery bypass grafts, 9 aortic valve replacements, 7 coronary artery bypass grafts plus aortic valve replacements, 2 others) performed by residents (group R) to match 1:1 by procedure to nonconsecutive cases done by a single attending surgeon (group A) from July 2014 to October 2016. Patients were stratified based on whether the attending surgeon or trainee performed every critical step of the operation skin-to-skin. Outcomes included death, major morbidity, and readmission.ResultsPatients in the two groups were similar with respect to demographic characteristics and comorbidities. The median follow-up time for patients in this study was 28 months (interquartile range: 23 to 35 months). There were seven deaths (3.5%; four in group A, three in group R, p = 0.7). Of the 43 patients (21.5%) who were readmitted during the study term, 27 patients (13.5%) were readmitted for causes related to the operation (11 in group A, 16 in group R, p = 0.02). The most common reasons for readmissions related to the operation were chest pain (n = 11), pleural effusion that required drainage (n = 8), pneumonia (n = 4), and unstable angina that required percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 3). No statistically significant differences were found in reasons for readmission between group A and group R.ConclusionsThe equivalence of postoperative outcomes previously demonstrated at 30 days persists at midterm follow-up. Our data indicate that trainees can be educated in operative cardiac surgery under the current paradigm without sacrificing outcome quality. It is reasonable to expect academic programs to continue providing trainees with experience as primary operating surgeons.Copyright © 2019 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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