• Lino M Sawicki, Julian Kirchner, Carolin Buddensieck, Christina Antke, Tim Ullrich, Lars Schimmöller, Johannes Boos, Christoph Schleich, Benedikt M Schaarschmidt, Christian Buchbender, Philipp Heusch, Robert Rabenalt, Peter Albers, Gerald Antoch, Hans-Wilhelm Müller, and Hubertus Hautzel.
• Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany.
• Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2019 Jul 1; 46 (7): 1542-1550.

PurposeTo assess whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (wb-MRI) for detection of biochemical recurrence in comparison to 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA PET/CT) in prostate cancer (Pca) patients after radical prostatectomy.MethodsThis was a prospective trial including 28 consecutive patients (mean age 65.3 ± 9.0 years) with newly documented biochemical recurrence of Pca (mean prostate-specific antigen, PSA, 2.09 ± 1.95 ng/ml) following radical prostatectomy. All patients underwent both wb-MRI including a dedicated pelvic imaging protocol and PET/CT with 166 ± 35 MBq 68Ga-PSMA within a time window of 11 ± 10 days. PET/CT and MRI datasets were separately evaluated regarding Pca lesion count, type, localization and diagnostic confidence (three-point Likert scale, 1-3) by two nuclear medicine specialists and two radiologists, respectively. The reference standard was based on histopathological results, PSA levels following targeted salvage irradiation and follow-up imaging. Lesion-based and patient-based detection rates were compared using the chi-squared test. Differences in diagnostic confidence were assessed using the Welch test.ResultsA total of 56 Pca lesions were detected in 20 of the 28 patients. 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT detected 56 of 56 lesions (100%) in 20 patients (71.4%), while wb-MRI detected 13 lesions (23.2%) in 11 patients (39.3%). The higher detection rate with 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT was statistically significant on both a per-lesion basis (p < 0.001) and a per-patient basis (p = 0.0167). In 8 patients (28.6%) no relapse was detectable by either modality. All lesions detected by wb-MRI were also detected by 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. Additionally, 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT provided superior diagnostic confidence in identifying Pca lesions (2.7 ± 0.7 vs. 2.3 ± 0.6, p = 0.044).Conclusion68Ga-PSMA PET/CT significantly out-performed wb-MRI in the detection of biochemical recurrence in Pca patients after radical prostatectomy.

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