• Mark Lee, Chelston Ang, Katerina Andreadis, James Shin, and Anaïs Rameau.
• Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A.
• Laryngoscope. 2021 Mar 1; 131 (3): E890-E895.

Objectives/HypothesisA limited number of three-dimensionally (3D)-printed laryngeal simulators have been described in the literature, only one of which is specifically designed for percutaneous injection laryngoplasty (PIL) training and is currently of limited availability. This study describes the development and evaluation of a high-fidelity, open-source, low-cost 3D-printed simulator for PIL training, improving on existing models.Study DesignSimulator design and survey evaluation.MethodsComputed tomography scans of the upper airways were processed with 3D Slicer to generate a computer model of the endolarynx. Blender and Fusion 360 were used to refine the mucosal model and develop casts for silicone injection molding. The casted endolaryngeal structures were inserted into a modified version of a publicly available laryngeal cartilage model. The final models were evaluated by 10 expert laryngologists using a customized version of the Michigan Standard Simulation Experience Scale. Internal consistency and interrater reliability of the survey were evaluated using Cronbach's α and intraclass correlation, respectively.ResultsExpert laryngologists highly rated the model for measures of fidelity, educational value, and overall quality (mean = 4.8, standard deviation = 0.5; 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). All reviewers rated the model as ready for use as is or with slight modifications. The filament needed for one cartilage model costs $0.96, whereas the silicone needed for one soft-tissue model costs $1.89.ConclusionsUsing 3D-printing technology, we successfully created the first open-source, low-cost, and anatomically accurate laryngeal model for injection laryngoplasty training. Our simulator is made freely available for download on Wikifactory with step-by-step tutorials for 3D printing, silicone molding, assembly, and use.Level Of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 131:E890-E895, 2021.© 2020 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.

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