• Abdulla Alfraij, Abdulrahman A Bin Alamir, Abdulnasir M Al-Otaibi, Danah Alsharrah, Abdulrahman Aldaithan, Ahmed M Kamel, Muna Almutairi, Salman Alshammari, Mohammed Almazyad, Jara Mia Macarambon, and Mohammad Alghounaim.
• Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Farwaniya Hospital, Sabah Al-Nasser Area, Kuwait. Electronic address: alfraij.abdulla@gmail.com.
• J Infect Public Health. 2021 Feb 1; 14 (2): 193-200.

BackgroundCharacteristics of critical Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children is not well understood. This study described the clinical characteristics of children admitted to intensive care units (ICU) and explored factors associated with the need for invasive ventilation or mortality.MethodsA multicenter, retrospective, cohort study was conducted over eight medical centers, including all patients younger than 18 years of age and admitted to the ICU due to a direct consequence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients who were admitted to the ICU for any alternate reason and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by screening test, and patients who were admitted due to multi-inflammatory syndrome in children, were excluded. Demographic, laboratory, imaging, and clinical data were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to compare survivors and non-survivors. Fine and Gray's hazard model was used to estimate the association between clinical variables and ICU death.ResultsDuring the study period, 25 pediatric COVID-19 patients received care in the ICUs. The median age was 2.78 years (IQR 0.21-8.51), and 60% were male. Only three patients were reported to be previously healthy at admission. Nine (36%) patients required invasive mechanical ventilation, including two were on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Four (16%) patients died during ICU care. In univariate analysis, the presence of comorbidity (HR 0.0001; 95%CI 0.00001-0.00016), platelets count (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98-0.99), elevated procalcitonin (HR 1.05; 95%CI 1.016-1.09), and circulatory compromise (HR 16.34; 95%CI 1.99-134.35), all at the time of ICU admission, were associated with in-ICU mortality.ConclusionOur findings suggest that children admitted to the ICU with SARS-CoV-2 infection, generally, have a favorable outcome. Low platelets count, elevated procalcitonin, presence of comorbidity, and shock at the time of ICU admission were associated with death. This study may shed more light on the disease dynamics of critical pediatric COVID-19.Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

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