• Daniel K Nishijima, John VanBuren, Hilary A Hewes, Sage R Myers, Rachel M Stanley, P David Adelson, Sarah E Barnhard, Matthew Bobinski, Simona Ghetti, James F Holmes, Ian Roberts, Walton O Schalick, Nam K Tran, Leah S Tzimenatos, Michael Dean J J Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA., Nathan Kuppermann, and TIC-TOC Collaborators of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network.
• Department of Emergency Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, 4150 V. Street, PSSB 2100, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. dnishijima@ucdavis.edu.
• Trials. 2018 Oct 30; 19 (1): 593.

BackgroundTrauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children in the United States. The antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid (TXA) improves survival in adults with traumatic hemorrhage, however, the drug has not been evaluated in a clinical trial in severely injured children. We designed the Traumatic Injury Clinical Trial Evaluating Tranexamic Acid in Children (TIC-TOC) trial to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a confirmatory clinical trial that evaluates the effects of TXA in children with severe trauma and hemorrhagic injuries.MethodsChildren with severe trauma and evidence of hemorrhagic torso or brain injuries will be randomized to one of three arms: (1) TXA dose A (15 mg/kg bolus dose over 20 min, followed by 2 mg/kg/hr infusion over 8 h), (2) TXA dose B (30 mg/kg bolus dose over 20 min, followed by 4 mg/kg/hr infusion over 8 h), or (3) placebo. We will use permuted-block randomization by injury type: hemorrhagic brain injury, hemorrhagic torso injury, and combined hemorrhagic brain and torso injury. The trial will be conducted at four pediatric Level I trauma centers. We will collect the following outcome measures: global functioning as measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) and Pediatric Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOS-E Peds), working memory (digit span test), total amount of blood products transfused in the initial 48 h, intracranial hemorrhage progression at 24 h, coagulation biomarkers, and adverse events (specifically thromboembolic events and seizures).DiscussionThis multicenter trial will provide important preliminary data and assess the feasibility of conducting a confirmatory clinical trial that evaluates the benefits of TXA in children with severe trauma and hemorrhagic injuries to the torso and/or brain.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT02840097 . Registered on 14 July 2016.

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