• Luca Carenzo, Tiziana Cena, Fabio Carfagna, Valentina Rondi, Pier Luigi Ingrassia, Maurizio Cecconi, Claudio Violato, Della CorteFrancescoFDepartment of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy.Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy., and Rosanna Vaschetto.
• Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy.
• Plos One. 2021 Jan 1; 16 (4): e0250404.

BackgroundPhysician professionalism, including anaesthesiologists and intensive care doctors, should be continuously assessed during training and subsequent clinical practice. Multi-source feedback (MSF) is an assessment system in which healthcare professionals are assessed on several constructs (e.g., communication, professionalism, etc.) by multiple people (medical colleagues, coworkers, patients, self) in their sphere of influence. MSF has gained widespread acceptance for both formative and summative assessment of professionalism for reflecting on how to improve clinical practice.MethodsInstrument development and psychometric analysis (feasibility, reliability, construct validity via exploratory factor analysis) for MSF questionnaires in a postgraduate specialty training in Anaesthesiology and intensive care in Italy. Sixty-four residents at the Università del Piemonte Orientale (Italy) Anesthesiology Residency Program. Main outcomes assessed were: development and psychometric testing of 4 questionnaires: self, medical colleague, coworker and patient assessment.ResultsOverall 605 medical colleague questionnaires (mean of 9.3 ±1.9) and 543 coworker surveys (mean 8.4 ±1.4) were collected providing high mean ratings for all items (> 4.0 /5.0). The self-assessment item mean score ranged from 3.1 to 4.3. Patient questionnaires (n = 308) were returned from 31 residents (40%; mean 9.9 ± 6.2). Three items had high percentages of "unable to assess" (> 15%) in coworker questionnaires. Factor analyses resulted in a two-factor solution: clinical management with leadership and accountability accounting for at least 75% of the total variance for the medical colleague and coworker's survey with high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α > 0.9). Patient's questionnaires had a low return rate, a limited exploratory analysis was performed.ConclusionsWe provide a feasible and reliable Italian language MSF instrument with evidence of construct validity for the self, coworkers and medical colleague. Patient feedback was difficult to collect in our setting.

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