• Erin C Fuse Brown, Erin Trish, Bich Ly, Mark Hall, and Loren Adler.
• Georgia State University College of Law, Center for Law, Health & Society.
• Milbank Q. 2020 Sep 1; 98 (3): 747-774.

AbstractPolicy Points Out-of-network air ambulance bills are a type of surprise medical bill and are driven by many of the same market failures behind other surprise medical bills, including patients' inability to choose in-network providers in an emergency or to avoid potential balance billing by out-of-network providers. The financial risk to consumers is high because more than three-quarters of air ambulances are out-of-network and their prices are high and rising. Consumers facing out-of-network air ambulance bills have few legal protections owing to the Airline Deregulation Act's federal preemption of state laws. Any federal policies for surprise medical bills should also address surprise air ambulance bills and should incorporate substantive consumer protections-not just billing transparency-and correct the market distortions for air ambulances.© 2020 The Authors. The Milbank Quarterly published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Millbank Memorial Fund.

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