• Henry Hoffmann, Daniel Oertli, Robert Mechera, Salome Dell-Kuster, Rachel Rosenthal, Richard Reznick, and Hugh MacDonald.
• Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: henry.hoffmann@usb.ch.
• J Surg Educ. 2017 Jan 1; 74 (1): 37-46.

ObjectiveQuality of surgical training in the era of resident duty-hour restrictions (RDHR) is part of an ongoing debate. Most training elements are provided during surgical service. As exposure to surgical procedures is important but time-consuming, RDHR may affect quality of surgical training. Providing structured training elements may help to compensate for this shortcoming.DesignThis binational anonymous questionnaire-based study evaluates frequency, time, and structure of surgical training programs at 2 typical academic teaching hospitals with different RDHR.SettingDepartments of Surgery of University of Basel (Basel, Switzerland) and the Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario, Canada).ParticipantsSurgical consultants and residents of the Queen's University Hospital (Kingston, Ontario, Canada) and the University Hospital Basel (Basel, Switzerland) were eligible for this study.ResultsQuestionnaire response rate was 37% (105/284). Queen's residents work 80 hours per week, receiving 7 hours of formal training (8.8% of workweek). Basel residents work 60 hours per week, including 1 hour of formal training (1.7% of working time). Queen's faculty and residents rated their program as "structured" or "rather structured" in contrast to Basel faculty and residents who rated their programs as "neutral" in structure or "unstructured." Respondents identified specific structured training elements more frequently at Queen's than in Basel. Two-thirds of residents responded that they seek out additional surgical experiences through voluntary extra work. Basel participants articulated a stronger need for improvement of current surgical training. Although Basel residents and consultants in both institutions fear negative influence of RDHR on the training program, this was not the case in Queen's residents.ConclusionsProviding more structured surgical training elements may be advantageous in providing optimal-quality surgical education in an era of work-hour restrictions.Copyright © 2016 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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