• Denise D Quigley, Nabeel Qureshi, Mary E Slaughter, Scott Kim, Efrain Talamantes, and Ron D Hays.
• RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA.
• J Eval Clin Pract. 2021 Dec 1; 27 (6): 138113891381-1389.

BackgroundHealthcare organizations want to improve patient care experiences. Some use 'shadow coaching' to improve interactions between providers and patients. A Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) implemented a half-day observation of individual primary-care providers by a 'shadow coach' during real-time patient visits, including an in-person verbal debrief afterwards and a written report with specific recommendations. Shadow coaching identified areas for improvement. We aimed to characterize lessons and barriers to implementing shadow coaching as a mechanism to improve interactions with patients and change organizational culture.MethodsWe examined provider and coach perceptions of shadow coaching through interviewing coached providers, stratified by provider type and Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) performance, and the coaches who coached the most providers. We interviewed 19 coached providers and 2 coaches in a large, urban FQHC. Content analysis identified implementation barriers, facilitators and themes.ResultsCoaches reported needing 'buy-in' throughout the organization and the need to be credible and empathize with the providers being coached. Most providers reported behaviour changes based on recommendations. Almost all providers recalled at least one coaching recommendation that was actionable. Providers and coaches highlighted patient-level and practise-level barriers that impeded their ability to implement recommended improvements. CAHPS data was reported as an effective performance management metric for measuring change, counselling providers, and evaluating provider-level efforts but was not always specific enough to yield tangible recommendations.ConclusionsRegular messaging by leadership about the priority and purpose of shadow coaching was essential for both physician engagement and its mature implementation across the organization. Coaching could be embedded into a long-term strategy of professional development with periodic re-coaching. Re-coaching sessions could target issues raised by providers, such as dealing with difficult patients or specific populations. Research on the timing and content of re-coaching is needed.© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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