• Angela A Hassiotis and Ian Hall.
• Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College of London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London, UK, W1W 7EY. a.hassiotis@ucl.ac.uk
• Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16 (3): CD003406.

BackgroundOutwardly directed aggressive behaviour is a significant part of problem behaviours presented by people with learning disabilities. Prevalence rates between 3.3% to 36% have been reported in the literature. Such behaviours often run a long term course and are a major cause of social exclusion.ObjectivesTo determine the efficacy of behavioural and cognitive behavioural interventions for outwardly-directed aggressive behaviour for people with learning disabilities.Search StrategyThe Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) 2007 (Issue 1), MEDLINE 1966 to February 2007, EMBASE 1980 to February 2007, PsycINFO 1872 to February 2007 and Dissertation Abstracts late 1960s to February 2007 were searched. Where appropriate, research filters were used.Selection CriteriaStudies were selected if more than four participants, children or adults, were allocated by random or quasi-random methods to either intervention or standard treatment/wait list.Data Collection And AnalysisReferences identified by electronic searches, examinations of bibliography and personal contacts were screened against inclusion criteria by two independent reviewers. Two reviewers independently extracted and entered data into RevMan (Cochrane Collaboration software).Main ResultsFour studies based on adult populations with learning disabilities were deemed to be suitable for inclusion in the current version of this review. Data were only available in a form suitable for meta-analysis in three studies, but due to heterogeneity of populations and interventions, meta-analysis was not performed. Direct interventions based on cognitive-behavioural methods (modified relaxation, assertiveness training with problem solving, and anger management) appear to have some impact on reduction of aggressive behaviour at the end of treatment and in some studies also at follow up (up to six months).Authors' ConclusionsThe existing evidence on the efficacy of cognitive behavioural and behavioural interventions on outwardly directed aggression in children and adults with learning disabilities is scant. There is a paucity of methodologically sound clinical trials. Given the impact of such behaviours on the affected individual, his or her carers and on service providers, effective interventions are essential. It is also important to investigate cost efficacy of treatment models against existing treatments. We recommend that randomised controlled trials of sufficient power are carried out using primary outcomes of reduction in outward directed aggression, improvement in quality of life and cost efficacy as measured by standardised scales.

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