• Masoud Edalati, Mary K Hastings, Christopher J Sorensen, Mohamed Zayed, Michael J Mueller, Charles F Hildebolt, and Jie Zheng.
• Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
• J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019 May 1; 49 (5): 1285-1295.

BackgroundDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used to characterize calf skeletal muscle architecture.PurposeTo assess the diffusional properties of the calf muscles of subjects with and without diabetes, at rest and during isometric plantarflexion exercise.Study TypeProspective.SubjectsTwenty-six subjects in two groups: 13 healthy and 13 subjects with type 2 diabetes (DM); each group consisted of seven females and six males.Field Strength/Sequence3T/2D single-shot spin echo planar imaging.AssessmentFractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), diffusion eigenvalues, and fiber tracking indices were obtained from the medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus (SOL) muscles of the calf at rest and during isometric plantarflexion exercise.Statistical TestsWe used a combination of nonparametric (Wilcoxon) and parametric (t-test) statistical assessments.ResultsThe medial gastrocnemius muscle had more indices with significant differences between the two groups (six indices with P < 0.05) than did the lateral gastrocnemius (three indices with P < 0.05) and soleus muscles (only one index with P < 0.05). While the healthy group showed elevated MD values from rest to exercise (MG = 5.83%, LG = 13.45%, and SOL = 11.68%), the diabetic MD showed higher increases (MG = 19.74%, LG = 29.31%, and SOL = 20.84%) that were different between groups (MG: P = 0.009, LG: P = 0.037, and SOL: P = 0.049).Data ConclusionOur results indicate considerable diffusional changes between healthy subjects and subjects with diabetes at rest and during isometric plantarflexion exercise in the calf muscles. The medial gastrocnemius muscle displayed the most diffusion sensitivity to diabetes-related microstructural changes.Level Of Evidence2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1285-1295.© 2018 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

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