• H E Elphick and A Tan.
• Action Lab, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK, S10 2TH. H.Elphick@sheffield.ac.uk
• Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18 (2): CD002007.

BackgroundChoice of antibiotic, and the use of single or combined therapy are controversial areas in the treatment of respiratory infection in cystic fibrosis (CF). Advantages of combination therapy include wider range of modes of action, possible synergy and reduction of resistant organisms; advantages of monotherapy include lower cost, ease of administration and reduction of drug-related toxicity. Current evidence does not provide a clear answer and the use of intravenous antibiotic therapy in CF requires further evaluation.ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness of single compared to combination intravenous antibiotic therapy for treating people with CF.Search StrategyWe searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register, comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Most recent search of the Group's register: January 2004.Selection CriteriaRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing a single intravenous antibiotic with a combination of that antibiotic plus a second antibiotic in people with CF.Data Collection And AnalysisTwo reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data.Main ResultsTwenty-seven trials were identified, of which eight trials (with 356 participants) comparing a single agent to a combination of the same antibiotic and one other, were included. There was a wide variation in the individual antibiotics used in each trial. In total, the trials included seven comparisons of a beta-lactam antibiotic (penicillin-related or third generation cephalosporin) with a beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination and three comparisons of an aminoglycoside with a beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination. These two groups of trials were analysed as separate subgroups. There was considerable heterogeneity amongst these trials, leading to difficulties in performing the review and interpreting the results. The meta-analysis did not demonstrate any significant differences between monotherapy and combination therapy, in terms of lung function; symptom scores; adverse effects; and bacteriological outcome measures. These results should be interpreted cautiously. Six of the included trials were published between 1977 and 1988; these were single centre trials with flaws in the randomisation process and small sample size. Overall, the methodological quality was poor.Authors' ConclusionsThe results of this review are inconclusive. The review raises important methodological issues. There is a need for an RCT which needs to be well designed in terms of adequate randomisation allocation, blinding, power and long-term follow up. Results need to be standardised to a consistent method of reporting, in order to validate the pooling of results from multiple trials.

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