• Kenneth Wengler, Takeshi Fukuda, Dharmesh Tank, David E Komatsu, Megan Paulus, Mingqian Huang, Elaine S Gould, Mark E Schweitzer, and Xiang He.
• Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
• J Magn Reson Imaging. 2020 Mar 1; 51 (3): 780-790.

BackgroundPatellar tendon (PT) microstructure integrity and microcirculation status play a crucial role in the progression of tendinopathy and tendon repair.PurposeTo assess the feasibility and robustness of stimulated-echo based diffusion-weighted MRI with readout-segmented echo-planar imaging (ste-RS-EPI) for noninvasive assessment of microstructure and microcirculation of human PT.Study TypeProspective.SubjectsFifteen healthy volunteers.Field Strength/SequencePT diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) were acquired with an ste-RS-EPI protocol on a 3T MRI scanner.AssessmentSubjects were positioned with their PT at the magic angle. DTI-derived parameters including axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) were estimated with b-values of 0 and 800 s/mm2 and 12 diffusion directions. IVIM-derived parameters, f p , D* × f p , V b , and D* × V b were assessed in the central-third and the outer-two thirds of the PT with b-values of 0, 20, 30, 60, 80, 120, 200, 400, and 600 s/mm2 in three orthogonal directions.Statistical TestsPaired t-tests were used to evaluate differences in IVIM parameters between the central-third and outer-two thirds regions of the patellar tendon. Paired t-tests and within-subject coefficient of variation were used to assess the intra- and intersession reproducibility of PT DTI and IVIM parameters.ResultsDTI parameters for healthy PT were 1.54 ± 0.09 × 10-3 mm2 /s, 1.01 ± 0.05 × 10-3 mm2 /s, 1.18 ± 0.06 × 10-3 mm2 /s, and 0.30 ± 0.04 for AD, RD, MD, and FA, respectively. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) IVIM parameters f p and D* × f p were observed in the outer-two thirds (6.1% ± 2.4% and 95.2 ± 49.6, respectively) compared with the central-third (3.8% ± 2.3% and 48.6 ± 35.2, respectively) of the PT.Data ConclusionDiffusion MRI of PT with an ste-RS-EPI protocol is clinically feasible. Both DTI- and IVIM-derived parameters of the PT demonstrated good test-retest reproducibility and interrater reliability.Level Of Evidence2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:780-790.© 2019 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

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