• Marjolein M Hanssen, Madelon L Peters, Jantine J Boselie, and Ann Meulders.
• Clinical Psychological Science, Research Group Behavioral Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
• Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2017 Nov 9; 19 (12): 80.

Purpose Of ReviewPain is an intense experience that can place a heavy burden on peoples' lives. The identification of psychosocial risk factors led to the development of effective pain treatments. However, effect sizes are modest. Accumulating evidence suggests that enhancing protective factors might also impact on (well-being despite) pain. Recent findings on positive affect (interventions) towards pain-related outcomes will be reviewed, and new avenues for treatment of persistent pain will be discussed.Recent FindingsPositive affect significantly attenuates the experience of pain in healthy and clinical populations. Positive affect interventions effectively reduce pain sensitivity and bolster well-being despite pain. Through both psychological and (neuro-)biological pathways, but also through its effect on central treatment processes such as inhibitory learning, positive affect can optimize the efficacy of existing treatments. Comprehensive understanding of the unique roles and dynamic interplay of positive and negative affect in moderating pain may optimize the treatment of (persistent) pain.

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