• Corrado Girmenia, Alice Bertaina, Alfonso Piciocchi, Katia Perruccio, Alessandra Algarotti, Alessandro Busca, Chiara Cattaneo, Anna Maria Raiola, Stefano Guidi, Anna Paola Iori, Anna Candoni, Giuseppe Irrera, Giuseppe Milone, Giampaolo Marcacci, Rosanna Scimè, Maurizio Musso, Laura Cudillo, Simona Sica, Luca Castagna, Paolo Corradini, Francesco Marchesi, Domenico Pastore, Emilio Paolo Alessandrino, Claudio Annaloro, Fabio Ciceri, Stella Santarone, Luca Nassi, Claudio Farina, Claudio Viscoli, Gian Maria Rossolini, Francesca Bonifazi, Alessandro Rambaldi, and Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO) and Associazione Microbiologi Clinici Italiani (AMCLI).
• Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia, e Dermatologia, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome.
• Clin. Infect. Dis. 2017 Nov 13; 65 (11): 1884-1896.

BackgroundGram-negative bacteremia (GNB) is a major cause of illness and death after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and updated epidemiological investigation is advisable.MethodsWe prospectively evaluated the epidemiology of pre-engraftment GNB in 1118 allogeneic HSCTs (allo-HSCTs) and 1625 autologous HSCTs (auto-HSCTs) among 54 transplant centers during 2014 (SIGNB-GITMO-AMCLI study). Using logistic regression methods. we identified risk factors for GNB and evaluated the impact of GNB on the 4-month overall-survival after transplant.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of pre-engraftment GNB was 17.3% in allo-HSCT and 9% in auto-HSCT. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common isolates. By multivariate analysis, variables associated with GNB were a diagnosis of acute leukemia, a transplant from a HLA-mismatched donor and from cord blood, older age, and duration of severe neutropenia in allo-HSCT, and a diagnosis of lymphoma, older age, and no antibacterial prophylaxis in auto-HSCT. A pretransplant infection by a resistant pathogen was significantly associated with an increased risk of posttransplant infection by the same microorganism in allo-HSCT. Colonization by resistant gram-negative bacteria was significantly associated with an increased rate of infection by the same pathogen in both transplant procedures. GNB was independently associated with increased mortality at 4 months both in allo-HSCT (hazard ratio, 2.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.45-3.13; P <.001) and auto-HSCT (2.43; 1.22-4.84; P = .01).ConclusionsPre-engraftment GNB is an independent factor associated with increased mortality rate at 4 months after auto-HSCT and allo-HSCT. Previous infectious history and colonization monitoring represent major indicators of GNB.Clinical Trials RegistrationNCT02088840.© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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