• Hammad H Malik, Alastair R J Darwood, Shalin Shaunak, Priyantha Kulatilake, Abdulrahman A El-Hilly, Omar Mulki, and Aroon Baskaradas.
• Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
• J. Surg. Res. 2015 Dec 1; 199 (2): 512-22.

BackgroundThree-dimensional printing (3DP) is gaining increasing recognition as a technique that will transform the landscape of surgical practice. It allows for the rapid conversion of anatomic images into physical objects, which are being used across a variety of surgical specialties. It has been unclear which groups are leading the way in coming up with novel ways of using the technology and what specifically the technology is being used for. The aim of this article was to review the current applications of 3DP in modern surgical practice.Materials And MethodsAn electronic search was carried out in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for terms related to 3DP. These were then screened for relevance and practical applications of the technology in surgery.ResultsFour hundred eighty-eight articles were initially found, and these were eventually narrowed down to 93 full-text articles. It was determined that there were three main areas in which the technology is being used to print: (1) anatomic models, (2) surgical instruments, and (3) implants and prostheses.ConclusionsDifferent specialties are at different stages in the use of the technology. The costs involved with implementing the technology and time taken for printing are important factors to consider before widespread use. For the foreseeable future, this is an exciting and interesting technology with the capacity to radically change health care and revolutionize modern surgery.Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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