• H Mellerowicz, R W Hauer, W A Schmidt, M Bohl-Bühler, D Banzer, H Sattler, J Braun, and M Backhaus.
• Orthop. Klinik der Freien Universität Berlin in der Zentralklinik Emil-von-Behring (Stiftung Oskar-Helene-Heim) Gimpelsteig 9 14165 Berlin, Germany. melle@zedat.fu-berlin.de
• Z Rheumatol. 2002 Oct 1; 61 (5): 577-89.

AbstractShoulder-related symptoms are very common in rheumatic diseases. For the evaluation of the diagnosis as well as for therapy and prognosis, an anatomic assignment is essential. Clinical investigations alone are often not capable to do this. Ultrasonography is a method to delineate bony surfaces as well as the soft tissues around the shoulder joints statically and even dynamically. For the purpose of rheumatic diseases, ultrasound standard scans help to detect the lesions at the biceps tendon, the bursae, the rotator cuff, the humeral head as well as in the acromial and sternoclavicular joints. Considering the limitations of the method (obesity, frozen shoulder, no findings under bony structures) and knowing the pitfalls and errors of the method, ultrasonography is a reliable, quick and low cost method for the diagnosis of rheumatic shoulder joint pathology. Compared to computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography should be used as a screening method. The following standard scans are suggested for sonographic evaluation of the shoulder: 1) anterior transverse scan and 2) anterior longitudinal scan at the bicipal groove to detect synovitis and tenosynovitis, 3) anterior transverse scan at the coracoacromiale window in the neutral position, 4) at maximal external rotation and 5) at maximal internal rotation to evaluate the rotator cuff, bursitis, synovitis and erosions, 6) anterior longitudinal scan at 90 degrees to the coracoacomiale window at maximal internal rotation to describe these findings in an additional dimension, 7) anterior-lateral longitudinal scan at the anterior lateral acromion to tuberculum majus to evaluate the distal part of the supraspinatus muscle, 8) posterior transverse scan at the fossa infraspinata lateral under the spina scapulae, 9) axillary longitudinal scan to evaluate synovitis, synovial proliferation, erosions at the humeral head, lesions at the glenoidale labrum, 10) anterior transverse scan at the acromioclavicular joint and 11) anterior oblique scan at the sternoclavicular joint to detect synovitis, synovial proliferation, erosion, osteophytes.

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